Infectious Bronchitis

Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is a common, highly contagious, economically important viral infection of chickens worldwide. It is caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus with multiple strains that infect all ages of chickens. Clinical manifestations of IBV infection include respiratory disease, reproductive disorders, and nephritis. Outbreaks of IB frequently occur, even in vaccinated flocks. IB spreads rapidly among chickens in a flock, resulting in all birds eventually becoming infected, in a short period of time. Susceptible birds placed with infected chickens usually develop clinical signs of illness within 24–48 hours. The severity of IB in chickens varies depending on the immune status, age, virus strain, and whether secondary infections are involved.

IB Clinical Signs

Clinical signs of IBV associated respiratory disease include: gasping (difficulty breathing), tracheal rales (abnormal respiratory sounds), nasal or eye discharge, facial swelling (caused by sinusitis), coughing, and sneezing. As the disease progresses, generalized signs of sickness, such as ruffled feathers, weight loss, huddling near a common heat source, listlessness, lethargy, and reluctance to move.

Complications

• Secondary bacterial infections: IBV damages the chicken's respiratory epithelium, often predisposing young chicks to secondary infections with pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma spp. Two of the most common secondary manifestations resulting from E. coli infection in chickens, following IBV infections are airsacculitis and systemic colibacillosis.
• Kidney damage: Some strains of IBV are nephrogenic, meaning that after replicating in the bird’s trachea (and causing respiratory disease), the virus will then spread to the kidneys (causing nephritis—or inflammation of the kidneys). Nephritis results in damage to the kidneys which often leads to renal failure and increases the risk of birds developing gout. Typical signs of renal failure include: increased water intake, rapid weight loss, and diarrhea in affected birds.
• Reproductive system damage: In both immature and adult egg laying hens, if the virus replicates in the oviduct, they are at risk of reproductive system damage. Affected hens may have reduced lifelong egg production and/or resulting in abnormal eggs that differ in shape (misshapen), size (smaller), internal egg yolk quality (watery), egg shell quality (rough or soft-shelled)

Transmission
IBV spreads rapidly among chickens in a flock and is transmitted through direct and indirect contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment, environment, or infected birds. The virus is shed through nasal discharge and feces of infected or vaccinated birds. Carrier chickens and recovered chickens can also spread the disease, as birds may shed the virus for up to 4 weeks after recovery. IBV can survive outdoors in the environment for up to 12 days in the spring and up to 56 days in the winter (it survives longer during cooler temperatures). However, it is rapidly killed by common disinfectants.

Incubation Period
The incubation period for IBV is short, and varies depending on the infective dose and route of infection. It can take as short as 18 hours if transmitted via the tracheal route and up to 36 hours if transmitted via ocular inoculation. Susceptible birds placed with infected chickens usually develop clinical signs of illness within 24–48 hours.

Signs of IB appear similar to many other respiratory diseases. One of the most confused include IB and Infectious Corzya.

Infectious Bronchitis (IB) Vs Infectious Coryza (IC)
Both Infectious Bronchitis (IB) and Infectious Coryza (IC) cause acute respiratory disease in chickens, however IB is caused by a coronavirus, and IC is caused by bacteria. The best way to achieve a confirmed diagnosis of IB is through submitting a sample (tracheal swabs or tracheal tissue obtained from the infected or dead chicken) to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for virus isolation. Otherwise, IB and IC can often be differentiated by the presence of facial swelling. Facial swelling occurs frequently in chickens with IC, but only on rare occasions in chickens with IB.